See Goffman, Asylums; W. M. Mendel, "On the Abolition of the Psychiatric Hospital," in Comprehensive Mental Health. ed. C. M. Roberts, N. S. Greenfield, and M. H. Miller (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968); J. K. Wing and G. W. Brown, Institutionalism and Schizophrenia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).